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Note This is the SGA information for the Oracle instance started with the initialization parameter file in the

language. There are many more efficient and sophisticated techniques to apply to the description, evaluation, and analysis probabilistic models than those shown here, and you can make the implementation of the primitives shown here more efficient by being more careful about the underlying computational representations.

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previous example. We specified the SGA and PGA sizes ourselves in that parameter file. Therefore we are using automatic SGA memory management and automatic PGA memory management, but not the new in Oracle 11g memory management setting, which would have sized and resized our PGA/SGA settings for us.

In this example, I used automatic SGA memory management and controlled the size of the SGA via the single parameter SGA_TARGET. When my SGA size is under about 1GB, the granule is 4MB. When the SGA size is increased to some threshold over 1GB (it will vary slightly from operating system to operating system and even from release to release), I see an increased granule size. First we convert to using a stored parameter file to make altering the SGA_TARGET easier: sys%ORA11GR2> create spfile from pfile; File created. sys%ORA11GR2> startup force; ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area Fixed Size Variable Size Database Buffers 267825152 1335924 130026892 130023424 bytes bytes bytes bytes

In some situations, workflows can sensibly make use of transient resources such as files. The tricky thing is that you still want to be careful about closing and disposing of resources when the workflow is complete or when it is no longer being used. For this reason, the workflow type must be carefully designed to correctly dispose of resources halfway through a computation if necessary. Sequence expressions are a great example where this is useful. For example, the following sequence expression opens a file and reads lines on demand: let linesOfFile(fileName) = seq { use textReader = System.IO.File.OpenText(fileName) while not textReader.EndOfStream do yield textReader.ReadLine() } We discussed the construct use pat = expr in 8. As shown in Table 9-2, you can also use this construct within workflows. In this case, the use pat = expr construct de-sugars into a call to seq.Using. In the case of sequence expressions, this function is carefully implemented to ensure that textReader is kept open for the duration of the process of reading from the file. Furthermore, the Dispose function on each generated IEnumerator object for a sequence calls the textReader.Dispose() method. This ensures that the file is closed even if we enumerate only half of the lines in the file. Workflows thus allow you to scope the lifetime of a resource over a delayed computation.

Then we modify the SGA_TARGET: sys%ORA11GR2> alter system set sga_target = 1512m scope=spfile; System altered. sys%ORA11GR2> startup force ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 1590267904 bytes Fixed Size 1336792 bytes Variable Size 218106408 bytes Database Buffers 1358954496 bytes Redo Buffers 11870208 bytes Database mounted. Database opened. sys%ORA11GR2> show parameter sga_target NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- -----------------------------sga_target big integer 1520M Now when we look at the SGA components: sys%ORA11GR2> select component, granule_size from v$sga_dynamic_components; COMPONENT GRANULE_SIZE ---------------------------------------------------------------- -----------shared pool 16777216 large pool 16777216 java pool 16777216 streams pool 16777216 DEFAULT buffer cache 16777216 KEEP buffer cache 16777216 RECYCLE buffer cache 16777216 DEFAULT 2K buffer cache 16777216 DEFAULT 4K buffer cache 16777216 DEFAULT 8K buffer cache 16777216 DEFAULT 16K buffer cache 16777216 DEFAULT 32K buffer cache 16777216 Shared IO Pool 16777216 ASM Buffer Cache 16777216 14 rows selected. As you can see, at 1.5GB of SGA, my pools will be allocated using 16MB granules, so any given pool size will be some multiple of 16MB. With this in mind, let's look at each of the major SGA components in turn.

The fixed SGA is a component of the SGA that varies in size from platform to platform and from release to release. It is "compiled" into the Oracle binary itself at installation time (hence the name "fixed"). The fixed SGA contains a set of variables that point to the other components of the SGA, as well as variables that contain the values of various parameters. The size of the fixed SGA is something over which we have no control, and it is generally very small. Think of this area as a "bootstrap" section of the SGA something Oracle uses internally to find the other bits and pieces of the SGA.